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5055codePatron saintSaint day24 JuneWebsiteFlorence (;: Firenze ( )) is a city in central and the capital city of the. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Florence was a centre of trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. It is considered by many academics the birthplace of the, and has been called 'the of the '.
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Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful family and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the (established in 1861). The forms the base of and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by, and.The city attracts millions of tourists each year, and UNESCO declared the a in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, and monuments. The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the and the, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics. Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, has ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world.Florence plays an important role in, and is ranked in the top 15 of the world by; furthermore, it is a major national economic centre, as well as a tourist and industrial hub.
In 2008 the city had the 17th-highest average income in. View of Florence by Hartmann Schedel, published in 1493Florence originated as a Roman city, and later, after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking, it was the birthplace of the. According to the, it was politically, economically, and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th to 16th centuries.The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the.
Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans, and, Florentine dialect, above all the local dialects, was adopted as the basis for a national literary language.Starting from the late, Florentine money—in the form of the gold —financed the development of industry all over Europe, from Britain to Bruges, to Lyon and Hungary. Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the. They similarly financed the papacy, including the construction of their and, after their return to Rome, the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome.Florence was home to the Medici, one of European history's most important noble families. Was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century. Two members of the family were in the early 16th century:. Married King and, after his death in 1559, reigned as regent in France.
Married and gave birth to the future King. The Medici reigned as, starting with in 1569 and ending with the death of in 1737.Roman origins. The King razes the walls of Florence during the: illumination from the Chigi manuscript ofThe initially formed in the 9th–8th century BC the small settlement of (Faesulae in Latin), which was destroyed by in 80 BC in reprisal for supporting the faction in Rome. The present city of Florence was established by in 59 BC as a settlement for his veteran soldiers and was named originally Fluentia, owing to the fact that it was built between two rivers, which was later changed to Florentia ('flowering'). It was built in the style of an with the main streets, the and the, intersecting at the present. Situated along the, the main route between Rome and the north, and within the fertile valley of the, the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre.In centuries to come, the city experienced turbulent periods of rule, during which the city was often troubled by warfare between the and the, which may have caused the population to fall to as few as 1,000 people. Peace returned under rule in the 6th century.
Florence was conquered by in 774 and became part of the, with as capital. The population began to grow again and commerce prospered. In 854, Florence and were united in one county. Second millennium. The Basilica dichose Florence as his residency instead of at about 1000 AD.
The of Florentine art began around this time. In 1013, construction began on the Basilica di. The exterior of the church was reworked in between 1059 and 1128. In 1100, Florence was a ', meaning a city state.
The city's primary resource was the, providing power and access for the industry (mainly textile industry), and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade. Another great source of strength was its industrious merchant community. The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation (e.g., ) to medieval fairs. This period also saw the eclipse of Florence's formerly powerful rival (defeated by in 1284 and subjugated by Florence in 1406), and the exercise of power by the elite following an anti-aristocratic movement, led by Giano della Bella, that resulted in a set of laws called the (1293). Middle Ages and Renaissance. Statue outside theAt the height of demographic expansion around 1325, the urban population may have been as great as 120,000, and the rural population around the city was probably close to 300,000. The of 1348 reduced it by over half, about 25,000 are said to have been supported by the city's industry: in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers ( ciompi), who in 1378 rose up in a brief revolt against oligarchic rule in the.
After their suppression, Florence came under the sway (1382–1434) of the family, who became bitter rivals of the Medici.In the 15th century, Florence was among the largest cities in Europe with a population of 60,000 and was considered rich and economically successful. Life was not idyllic for all residents though, among whom there were great disparities in wealth. Was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes. Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts, his power came from a vast network along with his alliance to the new immigrants, the gente nuova (new people).
The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy. Cosimo was succeeded by his son, who was, soon after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson, in 1469.
Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts, commissioning works by,. Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence, including,. By contemporary Florentines (and since), he was known as 'Lorenzo the Magnificent' (Lorenzo il Magnifico).Following Lorenzo de' Medici's death in 1492, he was succeeded by his son. When the French king invaded, Piero II chose to resist his army. But when he realised the size of the at the gates of Pisa, he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king. These made the Florentines rebel, and they expelled Piero II. With his exile in 1494, the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government.Savonarola, Machiavelli, and the Medici Popes.
Girolamo Savonarola being burnt at the stake in 1498During this period, the had become of the monastery in 1490. He was famed for his penitential sermons, lambasting what he viewed as widespread immorality and attachment to material riches. He praised the exile of the Medici as the work of God, punishing them for their decadence. He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule. But when Savonarola publicly accused of corruption, he was banned from speaking in public. When he broke this ban, he was excommunicated. The Florentines, tired of his extreme teachings, turned against him and arrested him.
He was convicted as a heretic and on the on 23 May 1498.A second individual of unusually acute insight was, whose prescriptions for Florence's regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimisation of political expediency and even malpractice. In other words, Machiavelli was a political thinker, perhaps most renowned for his political handbook, titled, which is about ruling and the exercise of power.
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Commissioned by the Medici, Machiavelli also wrote the, the history of the city. Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on 16 May 1527. Restored twice with the support of both and (Giulio de Medici), the Medici in 1532 became hereditary dukes of Florence, and in 1569, ruling for two centuries. In all Tuscany, only the Republic of Lucca (later a ) and the Principality of were independent from Florence.18th and 19th centuries. Porte Sante cemetery, burial place of notable figures of Florentine history.After doubling during the 19th century, Florence's population was to triple in the 20th, resulting from growth in tourism, trade, and industry.During the city experienced a year-long German occupation (1943–1944) being part of the. Hitler declared it an on July 3, 1944 as troops of the closed in. In early August, the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the linking the district of Oltrarno to the rest of the city, making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross.
However, at the last moment Charles Steinhauslin, at the time consul of 26 countries in Florence, convinced the German general in Italy that the was not to be destroyed due to its historical value. Instead, an equally historic area of streets directly to the south of the bridge, including part of the, was destroyed using mines.
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Since then the bridges have been restored to their original forms using as many of the remaining materials as possible, but the buildings surrounding the Ponte Vecchio have been rebuilt in a style combining the old with modern design. Shortly before leaving Florence, as they knew that they would soon have to retreat, the Germans executed many and political opponents publicly, in streets and squares including the Piazza Santo Spirito. Florence was liberated by, and British troops on 4 August 1944.
The soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city (Americans about nine kilometres (5.6 miles) south of the city, British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno).At the end of World War II in May 1945, the US Army's Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence, Italy. The first American University for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics in Florence, Italy. Some 7,500 soldier-students were to pass through the University during its four one-month sessions (see ).In November 1966, the parts of the centre, damaging many art treasures. Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting where the flood waters reached at their highest point.Geography. Florence with snow cover in December 2009Florence lies in a basin formed by the hills of, and Bellosguardo (Florence). The, three other minor rivers (Mugnone, Ema and Greve) and some streams flow through it. Climate Florence has a ( Cfa), tending to ( Csa).
It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool, damp winters. As Florence lacks a prevailing wind, summer temperatures are higher than along the coast. Rainfall in summer is, while relief rainfall dominates in the winter. Snow flurries happen almost every year, but often result in no accumulation. The highest officially recorded temperature was 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was −23.2 °C (−9.8 °F) on 12 January 1985.
Seats in the Florence City Council(2019–2024)The legislative body of the is the City Council ( Consiglio Comunale), which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee ( Giunta Comunale), composed by 7, that is nominated and presieded over by a directly elected.
The current mayor of Florence is.The municipality of Florence is subdivided into five administrative Boroughs ( Quartieri). Each Borough is governed by a Council ( Consiglio) and a President, elected contextually to the city Mayor. The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. The Boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous founding in order to finance local activities. The Boroughs are:. Q1 – (Historic Centre); population: 67,170;. Q2 –; population: 88,588;.
Q3 – Gavinana-; population: 40,907;. Q4 – Isolotto-; population: 66,636;.
Q5 – Rifredi; population: 103,761.All of the five boroughs are governed by the.The former Italian Prime Minister (2014–2016), served as mayor from 2009 to 2014.Main sights. Which spans theFlorence is known as the 'cradle of the Renaissance' ( la culla del Rinascimento) for its monuments, churches, and buildings. The best-known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city, known as The Duomo, whose dome was built. The nearby (partly designed by ) and the buildings are also highlights. The dome, 600 years after its completion, is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world. In 1982, the (Italian: centro storico di Firenze) was declared a by the.
The centre of the city is contained in that were built in the 14th century to defend the city. At the heart of the city, in, is 's (1563–1565), which is a masterpiece of at the terminus of a still functioning Roman.The layout and structure of Florence in many ways harkens back to the Roman era, where it was designed as a settlement. Nevertheless, the majority of the city was built during the Renaissance. Despite the strong presence of Renaissance architecture within the city, traces of, and can be found. The as well as the Duomo, or the city's Cathedral, are the two buildings which dominate Florence's skyline.The river Arno, which cuts through the old part of the city, is as much a character in Florentine history as many of the people who lived there. Historically, the locals have had a love-hate relationship with the Arno – which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce, and destroying it by flood.
One of the bridges in particular stands out — the Ponte Vecchio ( Old Bridge), whose most striking feature is the multitude of shops built upon its edges, held up by stilts. The bridge also carries linking the Uffizi to the Medici residence. Although the original bridge was constructed by the, the current bridge was rebuilt in the 14th century. It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact. It is the first example in the western world of a bridge built using segmental, that is, arches less than a semicircle, to reduce both span-to-rise ratio and the numbers of pillars to allow lesser encumbrance in the riverbed (being in this much more successful than the Roman ). Florence Duomo as seen from Michelangelo hill.The Uffizi is located at the corner of, a site important for being the centre of Florence's civil life and government for centuries.
The facing it is still home of the municipal government. Many significant episodes in the and political changes were staged here, such as:. In 1301, was sent into exile from here (commemorated by a plaque on one of the walls of the Uffizi). On 26 April 1478, and his retainers tried to raise the city against the Medici after the plot known as La congiura dei Pazzi ( ), murdering and wounding his brother Lorenzo.
All the members of the plot who could be apprehended were seized by the Florentines and hanged from the windows of the palace. In 1497, it was the location of the instigated by the Dominican friar and preacher. On 23 May 1498, the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake. (A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged).
In 1504, (now replaced by a replica, since the original was moved in 1873 to the ) was installed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria (also known as Palazzo Vecchio).The in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as, Ammannati and, although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals.Monuments, museums and religious buildings. Piazzale degli UffiziFlorence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras.
The Palazzo Vecchio is the of Florence and also an art museum. This large fortress-palace overlooks the with its copy of Michelangelo's David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent. Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria, after the, the ruling body of the, it was also given several other names: Palazzo del Popolo, Palazzo dei Priori, and Palazzo Ducale, in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history.
The building acquired its current name when the Medici duke's residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti. It is linked to the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti through the., designed by for, of the Medici family, is another major edifice, and was built between 1445 and 1460. It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar. Today it is the head office of the Metropolitan City of Florence and hosts museums and the. The, an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone, was inspired by the, but with more harmonious proportions. Today the palace is used for international expositions like the annual antique show (founded as the Biennale dell'Antiquariato in 1959), fashion shows and other cultural and artistic events. Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted, with the library and reading room.There are several other notable places, including the, designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed, at least in part, by; the, which houses the museum of the Old Florentine House; the, designed in the style in 1871; the, in, a historic 13th-century private palace, owned since the 1920s by shoe-designer; as well as various others, including the Palazzo Borghese, the Palazzo di Bianca Cappello, the, and the Royal building of Santa Maria Novella.
On ' sideFlorence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the world's most important works of art are held. The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art, architecture and culture. In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums, ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums. The Uffizi is one of these, having a very large collection of international and Florentine art. The gallery is articulated in many halls, catalogued by schools and chronological order.
Engendered by the Medici family's artistic collections through the centuries, it houses works of art by various painters and artists. The is another gallery, built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio.
The Galleria dell'Accademia houses a Michelangelo collection, including the. It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters. Other museums and galleries include the, which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello, and; the Palazzo Pitti, containing part of the Medici family's former private collection. In addition to the Medici collection, the palace's galleries contain many Renaissance works, including several by and, large collections of costumes, ceremonial carriages, silver, porcelain and a dating from the 18th century. Adjoining the palace are the, elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures. Florence in the eveningThere are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence. The cathedral is.
The located in front of the cathedral, is decorated by numerous artists, notably by with the Gates of Paradise. Tourists and restaurant in the Piazza del DuomoIn 2016, Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities. International visitors use 75% of the rooms; some 18% of those were from the U.S. In 2014, the city had 8.5 million overnight stays. A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the world's 36th most visited in the world, with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year.Tourism brings revenue to Florence, but it creates certain problems.
The Ponte Vecchio, The and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets. The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year and in peak seasons, that can lead to over crowding at popular locations. Mayor Dario Nardella is particularly concerned about visitors who arrive on buses, stay only a few hours, spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding.
'No museum visit, just a photo from the square, the bus back and then on to Venice. We don’t want tourists like that,' he said.Some tourists are less than respectful of the city's cultural heritage, according to Nardella. In June 2017, he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots. While he values the benefits of tourism, there has been 'an increase among those who sit down on church steps, eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them,' he explained. To boost the sale of traditional foods, the mayor had introduced legislation (enacted in 2016) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonald's application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo. Food and wine production.
Fiaschi of basic Chianti.Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy. The is just south of the city, and its grapes figure prominently not only in its wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends. Within 32 km (20 mi) to the west is the Carmignano area, also home to flavourful sangiovese-based reds. The celebrated Chianti Rufina district, geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region, is also few kilometres east of Florence. More recently, the Bolgheri region (about 150 km (93 mi) southwest of Florence) has become celebrated for its ' reds such as. Culture Art. Stored in the UffiziFlorence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art, which lasted from 1450–1527.
While Medieval art focused on basic story telling of the Bible, Renaissance art focused on naturalism and human emotion. Medieval art was abstract, formulaic, and largely produced by monks whereas Renaissance art was rational, mathematical, individualistic, consisted of linear perspective and shading and produced by specialists (, and ). Religion was important, but with this new age came the humanization of religious figures in art, such as, and; People of this age began to understand themselves as human beings, which reflected in art. The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world; Art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism. HallwayFlorentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1466) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) were among the fathers of both Renaissance and.The cathedral, topped by Brunelleschi's dome, dominates the Florentine skyline. The Florentines decided to start building it – late in the 13th century, without a design for the dome. The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time, and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the in Rome, and in.
The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world. In front of it is the medieval Baptistery. The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. In recent years, most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby, have been removed and replaced by copies. The originals are now housed in the Museum dell'Opera del Duomo, just to the east of the Cathedral.Florence has large numbers of art-filled churches, such as San Miniato al Monte, San Lorenzo, Santa Maria Novella, Santa Trinita, Santa Maria del Carmine, Santa Croce, Santo Spirito, the Annunziata, Ognissanti and numerous others.
The Palazzo della Signoria, better known as the Palazzo Vecchio (English: The Old Palace)Artists associated with Florence range from and Cimabue to Giotto, Nanni di Banco, and Paolo Uccello; through Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Donatello and Massaccio and the della Robbia family; through Fra Angelico and Botticelli and Piero della Francesca, and on to Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Others include Benvenuto Cellini, Andrea del Sarto, Benozzo Gozzoli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Filippo Lippi, Bernardo Buontalenti, Orcagna, Pollaiuolo, Filippino Lippi, Verrocchio, Bronzino, Desiderio da Settignano, Michelozzo, the Rossellis, the Sangallos, and Pontormo. Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include Raphael, Andrea Pisano, Giambologna, Il Sodoma and Peter Paul Rubens.
Brunelleschi's domePicture galleries in Florence include the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace. Two superb collections of sculpture are in the Bargello and the Museum of the Works of the Duomo. They are filled with the creations of Donatello, Verrochio, Desiderio da Settignano, Michelangelo and others. The Galleria dell'Accademia has Michelangelo's David – perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere, plus the unfinished statues of the slaves Michelangelo created for the tomb of. Other sights include the medieval city hall, the Palazzo della Signoria (also known as the Palazzo Vecchio), the, the, the, the Palazzo Davanzatti, the Stibbert Museum, St.
Marks, the Medici Chapels, the Museum of the Works of Santa Croce, the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella, the Zoological Museum ('), the Bardini, and the Museo Horne. There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor, in a museum named after him. The Strozzi Palace is the site of special exhibits. Language. See also:Florentine ( fiorentino), spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs, is a and the immediate to modern Italian.Although its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian, differences do exist. The Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo (Dictionary of Modern Florentine) reveals distinctions from all walks of life.
Florentines have a highly recognisable accent in phonetic terms due to the so-called ): 'hard c' // between two vowels is pronounced as a similar to an English h, so that dico 'I say' is phonetically, i cani 'the dogs' is. Similarly, t between vowels is pronounced as in English thin, and p in the same position is the fricative. Other traits include using a form of the last commonly used in medieval timesa frequent usage in everyday speech of the modern subjunctive, and a shortened pronunciation of theinstead of 'il', causing of the consonant that follows, so that il cane 'the dog', for example, is pronounced.Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time.Literature. The Teatro della Pergola.Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture.
The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence. During the Renaissance, there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music: state, corporate, church, and private. It was here that the convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result—in other words, the first operas, setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form, but for later developments of separate 'classical' forms such as the symphony and concerto. After the year 1600, Italian trends prevailed across Europe, by 1750 it was the primary musical language. The genre of the, born in Italy, gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere. Several Italian cities were 'larger on the musical map than their real-size for power suggested.
Florence, was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation, including the beginning and flourishing of opera.Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peri's Dafne an opera in the style of, was premiered. Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe. Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time. At the beginning of the 17th century, two practices for writing music were devised, one the first practice or /Prima Prattica the other the /Seconda Prattica. The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time.Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi (1550 – after 1608), Giulio Caccini (1551–1618) and Mike Francis (1961–2009). Giulio Caccini's book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time. The book specified a new term, in use by the 1630s, called which indicated the combination of voice and and connoted a practice of stating text in a free, lyrical, yet speech-like manner.
This would occur while an instrument, usually a keyboard type such as, played and held chords while the singer sang/spoke the monodic line. Cinema Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies, including the novels and associated films, such as,. The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses, such as, and.Video games Florence has appeared as a location in video games such as. The also appears as a playable nation in game. Florentine steak in FlorenceFlorentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant eating rather than rarefied high cooking. The majority of dishes are based on meat.
The whole animal was traditionally eaten; ( trippa) and stomach ( ) were once regularly on the menu and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city. Include crostini toscani, sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver-based, and sliced meats (mainly and, often served with melon when in season). The typically saltless Tuscan bread, obtained with natural frequently features in Florentine courses, especially in its soups, and, or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called that is served in summer. The is a large (the customary size should weigh around 1.2 to 1.5 kg 40 to 50 oz) – the 'date' steak – of beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version, the tagliata, sliced rare beef served on a bed of, often with slices of on top. Most of these courses are generally served with local, also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation.Among the desserts, schiacciata alla fiorentina, a white flatbread cake, is one of the most popular; it is a very soft cake, prepared with extremely simple ingredients, typical of Florentine cuisine, and is especially eaten at.Research activity.
A display of in the, or the Natural History Museum of FlorenceFlorence has been an important scientific centre for centuries, notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci.Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the. Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East.
It was a map drawn by the Florentine, a student of Brunelleschi, that used to sell his 'enterprise' to the Spanish monarchs, and which he used on his first voyage. Mercator's 'Projection' is a refined version of Toscanelli's – taking into account the Americas, of which the Florentine was, obviously, ignorant.and other scientists pioneered the study of optics, ballistics, astronomy, anatomy, and so on. Pico della Mirandola, Leonardo Bruni, Machiavelli, and many others laid the groundwork for our understanding of science.Fashion. See also:Calcio Storico Fiorentino ('Historic Florentine '), sometimes called Calcio in costume, is a traditional sport, regarded as a forerunner of soccer, though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby. The event originates from the, when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes. The most important match was played on 17 February 1530, during the.
That day besieged the city while the Florentines, with contempt of the enemies, decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation. The game is played in the Piazza di. A temporary arena is constructed, with bleachers and a sand-covered playing field. A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere (quarter) of Florence during late June and early July. There are four teams: Azzurri (light blue), Bianchi (white), Rossi (red) and Verdi (green). The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce, Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito, Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella.Sport.
See also: Cars The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic, although buses, taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in. This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL ( Zona Traffico Limitato), which is divided into several subsections. Residents of one section, therefore, will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones.
Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm, or before 7.30 am. The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers, putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out. Route map of the tramwayThe principal public transit network in the city is run by the bus company. Individual tickets, or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides, should be purchased in advance and are available at local tobacconists, bars and newspaper stalls and must be validated once on board. These tickets may be used on ATAF and Li-nea buses, Tramvia and second-class local trains only within city railway stations.
Train tickets must be validated before boarding. The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella. Runs trains between the railway stations within the city, and to other destinations around Italy and Europe.
The central railway station, is about 500 m (1,600 ft) northwest of the Piazza del Duomo. There are two other important stations:. Most bundled routes are Firenze—Pisa, Firenze—Viareggio and Firenze-Arezzo (along the main line to Rome). Other local railways connect Florence with in the Mugello area (Faentina railway) and.Long distance 10 km (6.21 mi) buses are run by the SITA, Copit, CAP companies. The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the, which is 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the city centre, and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers.Trams.